The diagram is then transformed on the y-axis by calling this function coord_trans(y=log_reverse). And this is the resulting chart: By the way, if you’re having trouble understanding some of the code and concepts, I can highly recommend “An Introduction to. Value. This is precisely why R cannot calculate log (x) if x is negative. In the scale_y_continuou () function there is an argument sec. The same thing happen with the secondary y-axis, the limits for the secondary-y axis goes from 40 000 to 240 000 with 40 000(increment of sequence) instead of going from 0 to 250 000 with 50 000(increment of sequence). scale_y_continuous é usado para definir valores para a estética da escala do eixo y contínuo. This can be done in a number of ways, as described on this page. For the Viridis scale, the first two colors are dark (or anything under . Scaling in the example above did not work due to the data types used. 3. 1. binned_scale: Binning scale constructor; borders: Create a layer of map borders; calc_element: Calculate the element properties, by inheriting properties. Step 2. Manual labels eg. 1 Answer. )) to specify the labels, as well as ggplotly (p, tooltip = c ("text")), to let plotly know to use the text parameter to create the tooltips. 5. 5), limits = c(0, 1. The ylim() function is equivalent to using the limits argument in scale_y_continuous(). breaks, labels, limits,. library(plotly) p <- ggplot(diamonds, aes(color, log10(price))) + geom_boxplot() + scale_y_continuous("Price, log10-scaling") fig <- ggplotly(p) fig. Good luck! Share. We often put these types of data on the x-axis, while the y-axis is frequently used for counts. Details. Looking at log_trans and reverse_trans in the scales package for guidance and inspiration, a. mid. scale_y_continuous (breaks = seq (-100, 100, 2), labels = abs (seq (-100, 100, 2))). EDIT: If you want to filter out the . If the larger value comes first, the scale will be reversed. The examples demonstrate their use with x scales, but they work similarly. 0+ you can specify separate expansion values for the upper and lower limit of the scales. The following R syntax therefore illustrates. I have successfully used a function to add degree symbols to the tick labels created by scale_x_continuous. axis which allows you to plot a second axis on the right-hand side of the plot. We need dig. So to make sure the pretty breaks line up with the limits based on the original. These functions share common API deisgn, with the first argument specifying the limits of the. since it's a separate parameter to scale_y_continuous which is really just a call to continuous_scale. The idea is to increase at least +1 to the maximum value of the plot with the highest y-axis value (in the case explained above, it would be the second boxplot with n=8) I have tried to change the y-axis with scale_y_continuous like this: p <- p + scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0, 5. A standard example are logarithmic coordinates, which can be achieved in ggplot by using scale_y_log10(). To this end, you use the function trans_new() from the scales package. Learn R. g. 1 Continuous Axis. The command of the sec. 5 Coloring Negative and Positive Bars Differently. Dec 13, 2018 at 5:22. 5), limits = c(5,7)) was the solution! What you may have to keep in mind if you use log transformed data like me is that if you simply put c(0,40) or similar, your data may appear very small as the distance from 0 to the first break (10 in my case) is large and it could be better to use the real bottom. 2. I am trying to insert the symbol "%" in the Y-axis of my graph. The axes cover the whole range by default, whith a bit of space added at the edges. scale_x_continuous () and scale_y_continuous () are the default scales for continuous x and y aesthetics. right = element_line (color = "red"), axis. scale_y_continuous (breaks= seq (0,1,by=0. The expansions vectors are used to add some space between the data and the axes. The simplest way is to use the scales package, which provides some easy-to-use formatting functions, such as percent and percent_format. is the data already log-scaled? This should be TRUE (default) when the data is already transformed with log10() or when using scale_y_log10(). Generate expansion vector for scales. Is there a way around this conflict? Is there a way to set the upper limit of ylim with an arithmetic expression. For facet_grid, the scales are used for the rows and columns. scale_y_continuous() followed by scale_y_reverse(), the first scale is overridden. I see. Can be used to increase the number of x and y ticks by specifying the option n. The x and y parameters can be modified using these. scale_x_continuous() and scale_y_continuous() are the default scales for continuous x and y aesthetics. Another option is to format your axis tick labels with commas is by using the package scales, and add. In the following. as agstudy wrote. breaks and 2. 3. scale_y_continuous is used to set values for continuous y-axis scale aesthetics. asked Mar 6, 2014 at 15:22. A menudo, es posible que desee convertir el eje x o la escala del eje y de un gráfico ggplot2 en una escala logarítmica. scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0, NA. . scale_x_continuous and scale_y_continuous are the default scales for continuous x and y aesthetics. frame(x = 1:5, y = 1:5) p <- ggplot(df, aes(x, y)) + geom_point() p <- p + expand_limits(x = 0, y = 0) p # not what you are looking for p + scale_x_continuous(expand = c(0, 0)) + scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0, 0)) You may need to adjust things a little to make sure points are not getting cut off (see, for example, the point at x. scale_y_continuous 는 연속적인 y 축 스케일 미학을위한 값을 설정하는 데 사용됩니다. Viewed 913 times Part of R Language. Stack Overflow Public questions & answers; Stack Overflow for Teams Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers; Talent Build your employer brand ; Advertising Reach developers & technologists worldwide; Labs The future of collective knowledge sharing; About the companyThe first argument (name=) of scale_y_continuous is for the first y scale, where as the sec. If you specify 2 scales, e. How can I set the limits of the secondary axis?Thanks to the comment below, this can be done by using latest dev. g. Learn how to use the scale_y_continuous function in R to set values, print labels, modify scaling ratio, remove labels or customize labels for continuous y-axis scale. how to display data that begins outside the Scale Limit. Example:Each aesthetic property of the graph (y-axis, x-axis, color, etc. This function uses the following basic syntax: p + scale_y_continuous (breaks, n. 0. colour=NA) + coord_cartesian(ylim = c(0, 100)) From the coord_cartesian documentation:. Como alternativa, podemos remover totalmente os rótulos no eixo y usando a função scale_y_continuous. 0. library (ggplot2) library (lemon) ggplot (diamonds, aes (x=price, fill=cut)) + geom_histogram. この例では、アイリスのデータセットを用いて、セパル幅の値とセパル幅を相関させ、種を色で. ) -$1 and ($1). scale_y_continuous(name="Fluorescent intensity/arbitrary units", labels = comma) to your ggplot statement. Only a logarithmic function has the property that f(10^-5) - f(10^-4) == f(10^-4) - f(10^-3). When working with continuous data, the default is to map linearly from the data space onto the aesthetic space. My goal is to round to either 1 decimal (51. As long as you can think of a transformation and it's inverse you could probably do this with secondary axes (not to be confused with 'you should do this'). e. ) only accepts a single scale. The options vjust (vertical adjustment) and hjust (horizontal adjustment) can be also specified to. short. When displaying counts, we want to think about. When displaying counts, we want to think about the major. 이 함수는ggplot2 패키지의 일부이며 대부분ggplot 객체와 함께 사용되어 그릴 그래프에 대해 다른 매개 변수를 수정합니다. Suppose we have the following data frame in R that shows the percentage of items that were returned at four different stores:ggplot (subset (mtcars, am==1), aes (x=wt, y=mpg, colour=carb)) + geom_point (size=6) In the top one, dark blue is 1 and light blue is 4, while in the bottom one, dark blue is (still) 1, but light blue is now 8. e. with the limits, breaks, and labels arguments), but sometimes you will need additional control over guide appearance. Hi, Im tring to create ggplot graph with secondary axis. Provide details and share your research!このメソッドは、options() を使用してデフォルト設定を決定します。 ここで、ggplot2. I can either trans = l / 1000 or paste0 (l, "K") but if I try. 1) Arguments. This means that it is impossible to plot a percentage (scale_y_continuous(labels=scales::percent_format())) and a scientific number (scale_y_continuous(labels=scales::scientific_format())) on the same axis but different. Please mark answers as accepted if they helped you to solve your problem. . The expansion vectors. On my ggplot (see below), I was expecting scale_y_continuous(breaks=(seq(0, 90, 10))) to set y between 0 and 90 and spaced every 10. The truncated look of the axis can be replicated with ggh4x::axis_truncated () (disclaimer, I'm the author of that function). 5% and because I want to show them side by side to show a bigger difference I would like to have the same 13% scale on both, but how can I change that for scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent)? 6. scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0, NA. You can set the breaks manually (see method #2 below), in which case it looks like ggplot is not respecting your request for a log-scaled axis, but the difference between a linear and a log scale is almost indistinguishable for this data range. The axis will automatically scale to the data. Hello. Puede usar uno de los siguientes dos métodos para hacerlo usando solo ggplot2: 1. 1. Since the boxplot is base on percentiles, you can set values that are equal to 0 into a near-zero value, so the percentile is well calculated. . ehl November 3, 2022, 3:24pm #1. Viewed 913 times Part of R Language Collective 0 I'm currently using the following code to get rid of the space between the first tick mark and the y-axis, but I also want to reverse the direction of the y-axis. e. The inverse of scaling, making guides (legends and axes) that can be used to read the graph, is often even harder! The scales packages provides the internal scaling infrastructure used by ggplot2, and gives you tools. Part of R Language Collective. labels = c ("30 %", "40 %",. asked Oct 4, 2018 at 18:20. But that reminded me you can just specify the transformation with the trans argument, so a simpler solution than what I originally provided is available. Setting the limits in each scale. Other position scales: scale_x_binned(), scale_x_continuous(), scale_x_date() Examples+ scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent) The following example show how to use this syntax in practice. Next, we will create a function using a series of if else statements to “gradually” identify the individual facet panels based on their current limits, and then set the new limits for each of them. Can be used to increase the number of x and y ticks by specifying the option n. If you want to plot the percentages than you have to tell ggplot to do so using e. scale_y_discrete ignores breaks/labels. Pick better value with `binwidth`. See Also. 4 Line Graphs. By default, the tick labels will be the same as the breaks, but you can change that with the labels argument, either by giving the labels you want as a character string or by giving a function to run on the breaks values. Possible values for labels are comma, percent, dollar and scientific. 5,6. Just change the first part toJust calling scale_y_continuous doesn't scale the axes, your call to breaks just specifies where on the current scale they should be set. 0. Scale Types. 5), which explains my decision-making in the if_else() function (line 10–12) in my mutate function that creates color. The defaults are to expand the scale by 5% on each side for continuous variables, and by 0. john22 July 1, 2021, 1:07pm #1. Additional text to display before the number. d1 = data. A character vector giving labels (must be same length as breaks)Customize a continuous axis. Then the limits get set to c(0,0. There are three variants that set the trans argument for commonly used transformations: scale_*_log10 (), scale_*_sqrt () and scale_*_reverse () . #' example is using `scale_x_binned ()` with. ggplot(dt,aes(x=XVal,y=YVal)) + geom_line(aes(color=Type)) + facet_wrap(~Grp,scales = "free_y", ncol = 2) + scale_y_continuous(breaks = my_breaks, labels = function(x){round(x,2)}) Notice, however that in Group C, the labels end up not making total sense, since both values for the breaks (0. dup_axis is provide as a shorthand for creating a secondary axis that is a duplication of the primary axis. The link that @joran gave in his comment gives the right idea (build your own transform), but is outdated with regard to the new scales package that ggplot2 uses now. 2. This behaviour depends on the oob (out-of-bounds) argument of scale_y_continuous(), which defaults to the scales::censor() function. When working with continuous data, the default is to map linearly from the data space onto the aesthetic space. I have found that if I pass arguments to the labels option in scale_y_continuous() function in ggplot directly it works fine, but if I pass them via do. 4. The only way around this is to use a small variable for by in seq e. If you use the limits= inside the scale_y_continuous () then all the data that are outside the limits are removed. rm = TRUE)) # Manipulating the default position scales lets you: # * change the axis labels m. breaks: determines the axis breaks of the x or y-axis. Utilice scale_y_continuous () o scale_x_continuous ()tl;dr the range of your data (approx. This is always scales::rescale (), except for diverging and n colour gradients (i. There are three variants that set the trans argument for commonly used transformations: scale_*_log10() , scale_*_sqrt() and scale_*_reverse() . g. But what do I have to do to contol the y axis major grid lines as well so they are not set automatically (for example in units of 10s, so lines and y unit labels at 10,20,30 etc)? I tried major_breaks = seq(0 , 100, 10) but it did not work. Example: Here, in this example, we have set y-axis limits to make the plot more uniform. 2, 0. This occurs because the default for scale_(x|y)continuous* for continuous variables adds 5% at either end so that points are not right at the edge. Compare. 使用 scale_y_continuous 将 Y 轴标签打印为 R 中的百分比. 3) Example 2: Set Y-Axis to Percent with User-Defined Accuracy. 2 Answers. In this article, you will learn how to set ggplot breaks for continuous x and y axes. You can specify limits, breaks, and labels in scale_y_reverse() and just omit scale_y_continuous(). 1 Numeric. 0. 1 of ggplot2) autoplot () is an extension mechanism for ggplot2: it provides a way for package authors to add methods that work like the base plot () function, generating useful default plots with little user interaction. Jblum Jblum. 2)) # the order of expand_limits and scale_y_continuous # does not change the outputPosit Community. In ggplot2 version 3. Ask Question Asked 5 years, 8 months ago. If you want to control the range of the x data, and the number of breaks, put both inside scale_x_continuous. R. Ask Question Asked 5 years, 8 months ago. Sorted by: 20. + scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent) Or, to specify formatting parameters for the percent: + scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) (the command labels = percent is obsolete since version 2. e. It should be FALSE when using coord_trans(y = "log10"). The defaults are to expand the scale by 5% on each side for continuous variables. 15,. Here is the issue: I am using ggplot to to make a graph in which the x axis ranges from -90 to 90 degrees. 3. This needed a bit of jiggery-pokery to get the second axis on a reasonable scale. The easiest and quickest and nicest way to fix these long labels, though, is to use the label_wrap () function from the scales package. 5, 5, 6, 8)) 指定した目盛りが適用されるのは、 主目盛り線 になります。 補助目盛り線 は、 主目盛り線 の中間の位置に描かれます。The scales argument is for freeing the x, y, or both scales for each facetted plot. As the title suggests, I would like to put the frequency of each level in the x-axis ticks with their corresponding label. The difference between the two (irrelevant for geom_point) is that scale_y_continuous (limits = c (. left or right for y axes, top or bottom for x axes. I changed your first y scale name to correct that. , natural log) of the function to. 1 of ggplot2) Share. value, trans. Be warned that this will remove data outside the limits and this can produce unintended results. 4. v of ggplot2 (Now available in the CRAN version); install. When working with continuous data, the default is to map linearly from the data space onto the aesthetic space. markc1986 February 18, 2023, 12:15pm #5. actual values side by side with a plot of predicted value vs. You might also consider using coord_cartesian () to control the axes -- the main difference is that it will keep all the input. 2. 1 Answer. *0. The second call overrides the first. . Often you may want to convert the x-axis or y-axis scale of a ggplot2 plot into a log scale. Suppose we have the following data frame in R that shows the percentage of items that were returned at four different stores:Position guides are ticks, labels and lines drawn at the x- and y-axes. 15,0)) works in many cases, but not all. I can do this manually with + scale_y_continuous(limits = c(a,b)) where I set the appropriate values for a and b, however, I have a lot of different dataframes with different temperature ranges. the labels are placed at integer positions). 1 Answer. scale_y_continuous( breaks=pretty_breaks(), expand = c(0. 1, date and datetime scales have limited secondary axis capabilities. Improve this answer. Oh yes, sorry. excluding any data points outside that range), whereas coord_cartesian changes the plotting range after any calculations. 0. 5g", x)}. R ggplot2 scale_y_continuous : Combining breaks & limits. The latter can take a selection of options, namely "reverse", "log2", or "sqrt". [See @user236321's answer for a more modern (post April 2022) answer. tidyverse. 6 of a category to the width to either side. g. You can use the following syntax to set the axis breaks for the y-axis and x-axis in ggplot2: #set breaks on y-axis scale_y_continuous (limits = c (0, 100), breaks =. You should set the column containing dates to have date values instead of character strings and you should reshape the data so that a single column contains the region labels and a single column contains the values to be plotted. I made an example of using two axes with the data you provided but I do not like the way it looks. You can add labels to show Month Day using date_format from scales package. Every continuous scale takes a trans argument, allowing the use of a variety of transformations: The transformation. For this reason, the ggsurvfit() and ggcuminc() functions do not modify the default {ggplot2} scales; rather, all. Use scale_y_continuous para remover rótulos no eixo Y em R. residuals. Mar 18, 2022 at 14:05. 6 of a category to the width to either side. We can use the R Package scales to format with dollar symbol. First, it is necessary to summarize the data. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Draw a basic volcano plot . Change the breaks. 23-27) is too small to effectively use a log scale. Therefore scales::dollar_format can't work, because it isn't a number. Horizontal plots can be created using the function coord_flip () [in ggplot2 package]. 2 Scale transformation. If you'd like to keep the upper extent of the scale "unchanged" from what ggplot would have calculated by default, AND eliminate the padding on the lower bound so the plot area starts at exactly 0, as of ggplot2 v3. ; Along its y-axis: -log10(adj_p_val) i. + hms::hms(days = 8), or ~ . It is possible to override this default using transformations. # Break y axis by a specified value # a tick mark is shown on every 50 sp + scale_y_continuous(breaks=seq(0, 150, 50)) # Tick marks can be spaced randomly sp + scale_y_continuous(breaks=c(0, 50, 65, 75, 150)) Remove tick mark labels and gridlines; Format axis tick labels. First, I've replicated an example of the graph run-off you were describing by setting the sample size to 50 and standard deviation to 0. e. a function that takes a vector x and returns a character vector of length (x) giving a label for each input value. 5. It is possible to override this default using scale transformations, which alter the way in which this mapping takes place. If you don't want to load the package, use: scale_y_continuous(name="Fluorescent intensity/arbitrary units", labels = scales::comma) So scale_x_continuous(breaks = c(5. Control of the x and y axes for continuous variables is done with the functions scale_x_continuous and scale_y_continuous. 136. The appearance of the legend can be controlled using the guide_colourbar () function. . This function is used in conjunction with a position scale to create a secondary axis, positioned opposite of the primary axis and then convert them with ggplotly. It may also be possible to use the. 0. Although ggplot doesn't allow creating a separate independent y-axis, it does allow creating a second y axis that is a one-to-one transformation of the first. You still have to project your secondary data onto the proper range. I am making a chart with ggplot and can control the y axis minor grid lines. don't provide any label text. Part of R Language Collective. In most. Position scales are used to control the locations of visual entities in a plot, and how those locations are mapped to data values. The suffix is applied to absolute value before style_positive and style_negative are processed so that prefix = "$" will yield (e. You should remove limits= from scale_y_continous () and use coord_cartesian () with ylim= instead. I have both continuous and discrete variables in my plot but the "x-axis" only contains a continuous variable. You can set the limits precisely by setting expand = FALSE p + coord_cartesian(xlim = c (325. Unlike continuous scales, discrete scales can easily show missing values, and do so by default. How can I display 1 decimal place so instead of 30k, I get 30. 1. If you want to reverse the order of the y axis you can use scale_y_reverse() or you could use scale_y_continuous(trans = "reverse") both will produce the desired output. I would like to plot ONLY y-axis1 DATA (left axis, Var1, dotted line) as a log10 scale. However, scale_y_continuous() expects a function as input for its labels parameter not the actual labels itself. Continuous Data. When I add scale_y_discrete with label text as I want them I keep getting this error: Error: Breaks and labels along y direction are different lengths. get_breaks. scale_x_log10() and scale_x_log10() are shortcuts for the base-10 logarithmic transformation of an axis. y. The simplest way is to use the scales package, which provides some easy-to-use formatting functions, such as percent and percent_format. 2. + scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent) However I have not been able to find how to do this in Plotnine. Share. 1 Answer. If you have a query related to it or one of the replies, start a new topic and refer back with a link. To fix this problem, the expand argument within the scale_y_continuous section needs to be set to "c(0. answered Dec 2, 2018 at 16:35. For this, we can use the scale_x_continuous and the minor_breaks argument as shown below: ggp + # X-axis minor breaks scale_x_continuous ( minor_breaks = seq (0, 10, 0. scale_y_continuous in ggplot2 How to use logarithmic scales with ggplot2 axes. the -log10-transformed adjusted p-value. Each aesthetic property of the graph (y-axis, x-axis, color, etc. Setting the limits in each scale. ) is used for padding the axis, but the padding is applied symmetrically to the top and bottom, making the y-axis go well below 0. However, based on the data, if the maximum return (y) is high (as shown in the diagram below, 6%), then the scale of secondary y-axis will exceed 1 (since it depends on primary y-axis), which is not an ideal situation for presentation. You give it a way to find the appropriate panel cond == "C" and give it a different label function than the default scale. The default replaces out of bounds values with NA. )/sum (. 1. Improve this answer. Again , you will need to play. labels = c ("30 %", "40 %",. Learn how to customize the y-axis of a plot using the scale_y_continuous function in ggplot2 with examples and syntax. With toy data, things seem to work correctly, combining the scale_y_continus trans function with labels = scales::dollar. The labels argument is the one used to customize the labels, where you can input a vector with the new labels or a custom labeller function as in the example below. 6. For changing x or y axis limits without dropping data observations, see coord. Share. 4. I'm an absolute beginer in ggplot but I need to rapidly expand the size of the y-labels in a code written by a colleague which is currently unreachable. ggplot2: change break points of discrete scale to be between two break points. axis = sec_axis (~. Hey i want to change the unit format and this my code for y scales scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::unit_format(unit="Rp")) and the output will be 400 000 Rp but, i want the output to. x*800/50 does. Visualization examples • povcalnetR - GitHub Pages. Then the limits get set to c(0,0. A function used to scale the input values to the range [0, 1]. The most common scales are for discrete and continuous data: scale_x_continuous (): for continuous x-axis values. the log2-transformed fold change. scales. The use of ggplot2::sec_axis is straight-forward once you realize that it is 100% cosmetic, no data is changed or otherwise accommodated with it. 0. There are 4 helper functions in scales used to demonstrate ggplot2 style scales for specific types of data: demo_continuous () and demo_log10 () for numerical axes. g. continuous. I tried using scale_y_continuous but it erased the entire y-labels. I'm using : scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::unit_format("k", 1e-3)) but displays as a whole number. Example: Convert Axis in ggplot2 to Percentage Scale. 1. Now suppose we attempt to create a scatterplot with a custom y-axis scale using the scale_y_continuous() argument: library (ggplot2) #attempt to create scatterplot with custom y-axis scale ggplot(df, aes (x, y)) + geom_point() + scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0, 10)) Error: Discrete value supplied to continuous scaleThis factor makes all the difference. 1. Cómo crear una escala logarítmica en ggplot2. na. Data visualization in the tidyverse revolves around three concepts:. Basic. base + scale_y_continuous (breaks = NULL) base + scale_y_continuous (labels = NULL) 10. Your Answer Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! Please be sure to answer the question. You can specify limits, breaks, and labels in scale_y_reverse() and just omit scale_y_continuous(). The issue is that you are plotting the counts. We recommend. groups. I had previously been doing this using: scale_x_discrete (labels=c ("old_label" = "new_label")) However, I cannot use both scale_x_discrete. ggplot2 removes rows of data which are in specified x-axis range. 3, scale_y_continuous (expand = expansion (mult = c (0, . r; ggplot2; contour; Share. df <- data. 5. 2 on) is mostly a labelling benefit. ggplot(df, aes(x=Effect2, y=OddsRatioEst)) + geom_boxplot(outlier. Now, the same format would be specified (much more neatly) this way: scale_y_continuous (labels=function (x)x*1000) or if you want to use the same labelling scheme multiple times: formatter1000 <- function () { function (x)x*1000 } scale_y_continuous. As your day Dia is already in POSIXct format, I used scale_x_datetime. Would be possible to manually define the 1. I have a peculiar problem involving the use of the trans and label commands in scale_y_continuous within ggplot2. scale_y_continuous (breaks=seq (0),limits=c (0,6), breakslabels =. scale_y_cut(breaks, which = NULL, scales = NULL, expand = FALSE, space = 0. This is always a good idea as it assists the reader in quickly determining the magnitude of the numbers we are looking at. labels of datetime axis, just like using the date_breaks and date_labels argument in scale. I want the breaks for the y-scale to be (1) mean-2SD, (2) mean and (3) mean+2SD. Yesterday, I talked about scale_x_date and scale_x_discrete. We will use the last option, a function that takes breaks as an argument and returns a number with 2 decimal places. Labelling functions are designed to be used with the labels argument of ggplot2 scales. If you haven’t done this before, you define that you want a secondary axis with the sec_axis argument to scale_y_continuous. Doing so however makes the larger scale a mess.